Pool Evaporation Rate by City: Inches, Gallons and Refill Cost in 25 US Cities

Five things the model shows

• Las Vegas, NV has the highest modelled pool evaporation rate of 25 US cities at 83.6 inches a year, based on 1956 to 1970 pan data in NOAA TR NWS 34 and the 0.70 coefficient in NOAA TR NWS 33.
• Nashville, TN has the lowest at 37.4 inches a year; the highest city loses 2.2 times as much water as the lowest.
• A 15 x 30 ft pool (an assumption, 450 sq ft) loses a median 13,872 gallons a year to evaporation across the 25 cities, from 10,485 in Nashville to 23,444 in Las Vegas (modelled).
• Replacing that water costs a median $134.77 a year at rates in effect in October 2026, from $26.68 in Sacramento to $368.85 in Houston, before rainfall (rates via the PC&S cost-to-fill-a-pool rate ledger).
• Normal 1991 to 2020 rainfall (NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 normals) equals or exceeds modelled evaporation in 8 of 25 cities, and the median cost after rainfall falls to $31.51 a year.
• In every one of the 25 cities the peak-month pool evaporation rate tops 1 inch a week, from 1.08 inches in San Diego to 2.74 inches in Las Vegas (modelled).
• A pool cover can prevent up to 95% of evaporation (EPA WaterSense), yet only 15% of pool owners have and regularly use one, per the 2016 Residential End Uses of Water study cited by EPA WaterSense in 2022.
• The 1956 to 1970 NOAA baseline sits within -4.8% to +0.6% of the Texas Water Development Board 1991 to 2020 averages for five Texas cities.

Pool evaporation rate by city: annual inches and gallons in 25 US cities

Modelled free water surface evaporation for an uncovered pool runs from 37.4 inches a year in Nashville to 83.6 inches in Las Vegas. The desert Southwest sits far above the Southeast, and Texas and Florida cities cluster near 50 inches.

This report starts from the monthly Class A pan evaporation means in NOAA TR NWS 34 (Farnsworth and Thompson, 1982). For 24 cities the values are Table II estimates computed from airport weather records for 1956 to 1970 with a form of the Penman equation; for Riverside, CA they are observed pan readings for 1925 to 1978 (Table I). A Class A pan runs warmer than a pool or lake, so NOAA TR NWS 33 converts pan evaporation to free water surface (FWS) evaporation with a coefficient: “The pan coefficient commonly used … is 0.7.”

Las Vegas, NV leads at 83.6 inches a year, followed by Tucson, AZ at 78.0 inches and Phoenix, AZ at 74.8 inches (modelled). Nashville, TN is lowest at 37.4 inches, and Raleigh, NC is next at 37.8 inches. Over a 15 x 30 ft surface, every inch of evaporation equals 280.5 gallons, using 7.48 gallons per cubic foot (Town of Flower Mound).

How much water a pool loses per week and per day, by month

Evaporation peaks in June or July in most cities and in May in Orlando and Tampa. In the peak month, all 25 cities exceed 1 inch a week; 5 western cities exceed 2 inches.

Las Vegas, NV loses a modelled 2.74 inches a week in July, about 0.391 inches or 110 gallons a day from a 15 x 30 ft pool. Phoenix, AZ peaks at 2.42 inches a week in June. Houston, TX peaks at 1.37 inches a week in July, about 55 gallons a day. San Diego, CA has the lowest peak at 1.08 inches a week (all modelled from NOAA TR NWS 34).

Averaged over the whole year, the rate falls to 0.72 inches a week in Nashville and 1.6 inches a week in Las Vegas. Miami shows the smallest seasonal swing: 0.68 inches a week in January against 1.27 inches in July (modelled).

Monthly inches for all 25 cities are in the downloadable file “Monthly pool evaporation in inches, 25 US cities (modelled)” below.

Rainfall offsets: net pool water loss after normal precipitation

Rain that falls on the pool surface replaces part of the evaporated water. On 1991 to 2020 normals, rainfall equals or exceeds annual evaporation in 8 of 25 cities, so the refill need in the humid Southeast is a small fraction of the gross loss.

Monthly normal precipitation from the NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 normals was subtracted from each month’s modelled evaporation, with no credit carried between months. Las Vegas, NV normally gets 4.18 inches of rain a year, so rain offsets 5.0% of its evaporation. Houston, TX normally gets 51.84 inches, which offsets 93.1% on a month-by-month basis. New Orleans, LA rainfall meets or exceeds evaporation in every month (modelled).

Annual cost to replace evaporated pool water at October 2026 rates

Before rainfall, replacing a year of evaporation costs a median $134.77, from $26.68 in Sacramento to $368.85 in Houston. Sewer billing drives the top of the range: cities that bill sewer on every month’s metered water charge sewer on top-up water too.

Each month’s top-up was priced as the increase in that month’s bill over a 9,000-gallon household month (EPA: the average family uses more than 300 gallons a day, EPA WaterSense), using the water and sewer volume tiers compiled in the PC&S cost-to-fill-a-pool rate ledger. Fixed monthly charges do not change and are excluded. Houston, TX costs $368.85 a year at an effective $27.74 per 1,000 gallons (City of Houston, Houston Public Works). Atlanta, GA costs $328.77 a year at $29.21 per 1,000 gallons (City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management).

Top-up water carries a sewer charge in 8 of 25 cities, where sewer makes up 42.7% to 73.0% of the modelled cost. The desert cities lose the most water but add no sewer charge on it: Las Vegas, NV costs $100.15 a year for 23,444 gallons (Las Vegas Valley Water District), and Phoenix, AZ costs $179.20 for 20,988 gallons (City of Phoenix Water Services Department). After rainfall, Los Angeles, CA has the highest cost at $187.16 a year, and the median across 25 cities drops to $31.51 (modelled).

Pool cover savings: water and dollars by city

Federal guidance puts cover savings between 30% of make-up water (archived DOE Energy Saver page) and up to 95% of evaporation (EPA WaterSense). At 50%, a 15 x 30 ft pool would save a median 6,936 gallons and $67.38 a year across 25 cities.

EPA WaterSense reports that solid covers can reduce evaporation by more than 90 percent when in use, solar bubble covers by 50 to 95 percent depending on coverage, and liquid evaporation suppressants by 15 percent. The archived DOE Energy Saver page says a cover reduces make-up water by 30% to 50% and chemical use by 35% to 60%. EPA adds that covers “are only effective at reducing evaporation when they are applied.”

In Houston, TX a 50% cut saves $184.43 a year; in Sacramento, CA it saves $13.34 (scenario, before rainfall). Only 15% of pool owners have and regularly use a cover, per the 2016 Residential End Uses of Water study cited by EPA WaterSense. Chemical savings are covered in the pool chemical prices report.

How the NOAA-based pool evaporation rate compares with newer and local data

The NOAA pan data are from 1956 to 1970, so the model was checked against four newer or local sources. Most checks agree within about 5%; the largest gaps come from stations that sit away from the city airport.

The Texas Water Development Board publishes monthly gross lake evaporation by one-degree quadrangle through December 2025. Against its 1991 to 2020 means, the model is -3.9% in Houston, -4.8% in Dallas, -4.8% in Fort Worth, -1.5% in Austin and +0.6% in San Antonio. TWDB’s 2016 to 2025 means are lower than its 1991 to 2020 means in all five quadrangles, so recent years do not show a rise that would make the older NOAA baseline too low.

Oklahoma State University Extension estimated 33.7 inches of May to October shallow-water evaporation for central Oklahoma (climate division 5, which contains Oklahoma City per the Oklahoma Climatological Survey) for 1997 to 2013; the model gives 32.9 inches for Oklahoma City (-2.4%). The City of Mesa evaporation chart totals 79 inches a year for the Phoenix area; the model gives 74.8 inches (-5.3%).

Evaporation vs swim season length: water loss continues after closing

Cities with longer swim seasons tend to evaporate more water (Spearman 0.64 across 23 metros), but a large share of evaporation happens outside the season. The median city loses 34.5% of its annual evaporation on days when the normal high is below 80F.

Swim-season windows (days with a normal high of 80F or more) come from the PC&S pool season length report, built on NOAA 1991 to 2020 daily normals. Denver, CO has a 102-day season and loses 54.8% of its evaporation outside it; Raleigh, NC loses 50.0%. Phoenix, AZ, with a 232-day season, loses 18.5% outside it (modelled). Los Angeles and San Diego airports log no days at 80F, so all their evaporation falls outside that definition.

Leak or evaporation: official tests and thresholds

EPA WaterSense treats a loss of more than 2 inches a week, or 3 inches in hot, dry areas, as a likely leak. The modelled peak-month rate stays under 2 inches a week in 20 of 25 cities and under 3 inches in all 25.

• EPA WaterSense bucket test: on a day without rain or heavy wind, shut off pool systems and the autofill, set a 2.5 to 5 gallon bucket on a step, mark the bucket and pool levels, and compare after 24 hours. If the pool drops more than the bucket, the pool may have a leak.
• City of Mesa version: compare after two or three days, then repeat for 24 hours with the pump on and 24 hours with it off; more loss with the pump on points to plumbing.
• The City of Mesa estimates that up to 30% of all pools may have a leak, and that an autofill valve can hide it.

Model outputs

Download the calculation sheet (CSV)

Results by the numbers

1. Las Vegas, NV: 83.6 inches of modelled pool evaporation a year, or 23,444 gallons from a 15 x 30 ft pool (NOAA pan data 1956 to 1970, NOAA TR NWS 34).
2. Tucson, AZ: 78.0 inches a year; Phoenix, AZ: 74.8 inches a year; Albuquerque, NM: 62.4 inches a year (modelled, NOAA TR NWS 34).
3. Nashville, TN: 37.4 inches a year, the lowest of 25 US cities; Raleigh, NC: 37.8 inches; Atlanta, GA: 40.1 inches (modelled, NOAA TR NWS 34).
4. The median city in the 25-city set loses 49.5 inches a year to evaporation (modelled, pan x 0.70, NOAA TR NWS 33).
5. Las Vegas peaks at 2.74 inches a week in July, about 110 gallons a day from a 15 x 30 ft pool (modelled from NOAA TR NWS 34).
6. 5 of 25 cities exceed 2 inches a week in their peak month: Albuquerque, Las Vegas, Phoenix, Salt Lake City, Tucson (modelled). EPA WaterSense treats loss above 2 inches a week, or 3 inches in hot, dry areas, as a likely leak.
7. Houston, TX: $368.85 a year to replace evaporated water before rainfall at City of Houston rates effective 2026-04-01, because sewer is billed on each month’s metered water (City of Houston, Houston Public Works).
8. Sacramento, CA: $26.68 a year, the lowest of 25 cities, at a flat-fee sewer and a single water rate effective 2019-07-01 (City of Sacramento Department of Utilities).
9. After normal rainfall, Los Angeles, CA has the highest modelled refill cost at $187.16 a year, because LAX normally gets 12.23 inches of rain against 45.5 inches of evaporation (NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 normals).
10. New Orleans, LA: normal monthly rainfall at the New Orleans International Airport station (63.35 inches a year, 1991 to 2020) meets or exceeds modelled evaporation in every month, so the net refill need is 0 gallons (NOAA NCEI 1991-2020 normals).
11. A cover that cuts evaporation by 50%, the top of the 30% to 50% make-up water range on the archived DOE Energy Saver page, would save a median $67.38 and 6,936 gallons a year per 15 x 30 ft pool across the 25 cities (scenario).
12. Denver, CO loses 54.8% of its annual pool evaporation on days outside its 80F swim season; Phoenix, AZ loses 18.5% (modelled with the PC&S pool season length report).
13. Across 23 metros, annual evaporation and swim-season length are positively associated (Spearman rank correlation 0.64, Pearson 0.45), not perfectly linked (PC&S calculation).
14. Houston’s Texas Water Development Board quadrangle recorded 52.0 inches of gross lake evaporation in 2025, against a 1991 to 2020 mean of 49.3 inches (Texas Water Development Board, data through December 2025).

FAQ

More questions answered

Data vintage and updates

• 2026-10-07The U.S. Department of Energy Energy Saver page on pool covers returned HTTP 404 when checked on 2026-10-07; this report cites the archived capture of 2025-01-10 for the 30% to 50% make-up water figure (archived DOE Energy Saver page).
• 2026-10-01Water rate schedules effective 2026-10-01 for Austin Water, Dallas Water Utilities, Miami-Dade WASD, OUC (Orlando) and the City of Tampa are used in the refill model (PC&S cost-to-fill-a-pool rate ledger).
• 2026-07-01Schedules effective in July 2026 apply for Albuquerque, Charlotte, Los Angeles (LADWP), Raleigh, Riverside and Salt Lake City (2026-07-01) and Tucson (2026-07-06) (PC&S cost-to-fill-a-pool rate ledger).
• 2026-04-23The Texas Water Development Board updated its quadrangle lake evaporation data through December 2025. San Antonio’s quadrangle 809 recorded 58.6 inches of gross evaporation in 2025, against a 1991 to 2020 mean of 53.3 inches.
• 2026-04-01City of Houston water rates effective 2026-04-01 set the top water tier at $20.20 per 1,000 gallons; Houston has the highest modelled evaporation refill cost before rainfall (City of Houston, Houston Public Works).

Evidence tiers

Tier 1: primary and government sources (39)

• NOAA National Weather Service: NOAA Technical Report NWS 34: Mean Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Pan Evaporation for the United States (Farnsworth and Thompson, December 1982)
• NOAA National Weather Service: NOAA Technical Report NWS 33: Evaporation Atlas for the Contiguous 48 United States (Farnsworth, Thompson and Peck, June 1982)
• NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information: U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020, monthly station files (MLY-PRCP-NORMAL)
• Western Regional Climate Center (DRI, NOAA Regional Climate Center): Monthly average pan evaporation, comparative table (Western states)
• Texas Water Development Board: Lake Evaporation and Rainfall: quadrangle gross lake evaporation, data through December 2025
• Oklahoma State University Extension: Evaporation Losses from Shallow Water Bodies in Oklahoma (BAE-1529, October 2016)
• Oklahoma Climatological Survey: Oklahoma Climate: climate divisions map
• City of Mesa, Arizona: Is Your Pool Leaking? (pool evaporation chart, 400 sq ft pool)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Pool Water Efficiency (WaterSense)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Jump Into Pool Water Efficiency (EPA-832-F-22-015, September 2022)
• U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: How We Use Water (WaterSense)
• U.S. Department of Energy: Swimming Pool Covers (Energy Saver), archived capture of 2025-01-10; live page returned HTTP 404 on 2026-10-07
• Town of Flower Mound, Texas: Pool Evaporation (utility billing guidance)
• Olivenhain Municipal Water District: Pool: Frequently Asked Questions
• Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA): Water rate schedule (ABCWUA Water and Sewer Rate Ordinance O-26-1 (approved))
• City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management (DWM): Water rate schedule (Water and Sewer Rates (DWM))
• Austin Water (City of Austin): Water rate schedule (Rates and Fees | Austin Water)
• Charlotte Water (City of Charlotte): Water rate schedule (Rates & Fees, Charlotte Water (FY27 current rates))
• Dallas Water Utilities (City of Dallas): Water rate schedule (DWU Monthly Payment Rates, effective October 1, 2026)
• Denver Water (Denver Board of Water Commissioners): Water rate schedule (2026 Residential Water Rates | Denver Water)
• Fort Worth Water (City of Fort Worth Water Department): Water rate schedule (Water and wastewater rates - City of Fort Worth)
• City of Fresno Department of Public Utilities, Water Division: Water rate schedule (City of Fresno Master Fee Schedule, Public Utilities Department (Amendment #590, all fees effective 07/01/2026))
• City of Houston, Houston Public Works (Houston Water): Water rate schedule (2026 Water & Wastewater Rates (City of Houston))
• Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD), with Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) charges: Water rate schedule (Water rates | Las Vegas Valley Water District)
• Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP): Water rate schedule (Schedule A - Residential (LADWP))
• Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department (WASD), retail: Water rate schedule (Rates, Fees and Charges (WASD))
• Metro Water Services (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County): Water rate schedule (Water, Sewer and Stormwater Rates (Metro Water Services))
• Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans (SWBNO): Water rate schedule (Rates, Fees & Charges (SWBNO))
• City of Oklahoma City Utilities Department: Water rate schedule (Utilities Rates & Fees | City of OKC)
• Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC): Water rate schedule (OUC Service Rates & Costs)
• City of Phoenix Water Services Department: Water rate schedule (Water and Sewer Rates | City of Phoenix)
• City of Raleigh, Raleigh Water (Public Utilities): Water rate schedule (Public Utilities Rates, Effective July 1, 2026)
• Riverside Public Utilities (City of Riverside): Water rate schedule (Schedule WA-1A Single-Family Residential Metered Service)
• City of Sacramento Department of Utilities: Water rate schedule (Exhibit A Water Service Fees and Charges (rates effective July 1, 2016 to July 1, 2019))
• Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities: Water rate schedule (FY27 Rates | Public Utilities)
• San Antonio Water System (SAWS): Water rate schedule (Residential Water & Sewer Rates - SAWS)
• City of San Diego Public Utilities Department: Water rate schedule (Water Billing Rates (City of San Diego))
• City of Tampa Water Department (City of Tampa Utilities billing): Water rate schedule (Residential Water and Wastewater Rate Schedule, Effective October 1, 2026)
• Tucson Water (City of Tucson): Water rate schedule (Residential Water Bill | City of Tucson)

Tier 2: trade bodies, public companies, market research (2)

• Pool Construction & Service: Cost to Fill a Pool: water and sewer rate ledger, 25 US cities (rates in effect 2026-10-04)
• Pool Construction & Service: Pool Season Length by City (NOAA 1991-2020 daily normals, 60 metros)

Tier 3: journalism and expert commentary (1)

• Latham Pool Products: My Swimming Pool is Losing Water: Is It Evaporation or a Leak? (June 16, 2024)

Sources

1. NOAA National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Report NWS 34: Mean Monthly, Seasonal, and Annual Pan Evaporation for the United States (Farnsworth and Thompson, December 1982). Accessed 2026-10-07.
2. NOAA National Weather Service. NOAA Technical Report NWS 33: Evaporation Atlas for the Contiguous 48 United States (Farnsworth, Thompson and Peck, June 1982). Accessed 2026-10-07.
3. NOAA National Centers for Environmental Information. U.S. Climate Normals 1991-2020, monthly station files (MLY-PRCP-NORMAL). Accessed 2026-10-07.
4. Western Regional Climate Center (DRI, NOAA Regional Climate Center). Monthly average pan evaporation, comparative table (Western states). Accessed 2026-10-07.
5. Texas Water Development Board. Lake Evaporation and Rainfall: quadrangle gross lake evaporation, data through December 2025. Accessed 2026-10-07.
6. Oklahoma State University Extension. Evaporation Losses from Shallow Water Bodies in Oklahoma (BAE-1529, October 2016). Accessed 2026-10-07.
7. Oklahoma Climatological Survey. Oklahoma Climate: climate divisions map. Accessed 2026-10-07.
8. City of Mesa, Arizona. Is Your Pool Leaking? (pool evaporation chart, 400 sq ft pool). Accessed 2026-10-07.
9. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Pool Water Efficiency (WaterSense). Accessed 2026-10-07.
10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Jump Into Pool Water Efficiency (EPA-832-F-22-015, September 2022). Accessed 2026-10-07.
11. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. How We Use Water (WaterSense). Accessed 2026-10-07.
12. U.S. Department of Energy. Swimming Pool Covers (Energy Saver), archived capture of 2025-01-10; live page returned HTTP 404 on 2026-10-07. Accessed 2026-10-07.
13. Town of Flower Mound, Texas. Pool Evaporation (utility billing guidance). Accessed 2026-10-07.
14. Olivenhain Municipal Water District. Pool: Frequently Asked Questions. Accessed 2026-10-07.
15. Latham Pool Products. My Swimming Pool is Losing Water: Is It Evaporation or a Leak? (June 16, 2024). Accessed 2026-10-07.
16. Pool Construction & Service. Cost to Fill a Pool: water and sewer rate ledger, 25 US cities (rates in effect 2026-10-04). Accessed 2026-10-07.
17. Pool Construction & Service. Pool Season Length by City (NOAA 1991-2020 daily normals, 60 metros). Accessed 2026-10-07.
18. Albuquerque Bernalillo County Water Utility Authority (ABCWUA). Water rate schedule (ABCWUA Water and Sewer Rate Ordinance O-26-1 (approved)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
19. City of Atlanta Department of Watershed Management (DWM). Water rate schedule (Water and Sewer Rates (DWM)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
20. Austin Water (City of Austin). Water rate schedule (Rates and Fees | Austin Water). Accessed 2026-10-04.
21. Charlotte Water (City of Charlotte). Water rate schedule (Rates & Fees, Charlotte Water (FY27 current rates)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
22. Dallas Water Utilities (City of Dallas). Water rate schedule (DWU Monthly Payment Rates, effective October 1, 2026). Accessed 2026-10-04.
23. Denver Water (Denver Board of Water Commissioners). Water rate schedule (2026 Residential Water Rates | Denver Water). Accessed 2026-10-04.
24. Fort Worth Water (City of Fort Worth Water Department). Water rate schedule (Water and wastewater rates - City of Fort Worth). Accessed 2026-10-04.
25. City of Fresno Department of Public Utilities, Water Division. Water rate schedule (City of Fresno Master Fee Schedule, Public Utilities Department (Amendment #590, all fees effective 07/01/2026)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
26. City of Houston, Houston Public Works (Houston Water). Water rate schedule (2026 Water & Wastewater Rates (City of Houston)). Accessed 2026-10-07.
27. Las Vegas Valley Water District (LVVWD), with Southern Nevada Water Authority (SNWA) charges. Water rate schedule (Water rates | Las Vegas Valley Water District). Accessed 2026-10-07.
28. Los Angeles Department of Water and Power (LADWP). Water rate schedule (Schedule A - Residential (LADWP)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
29. Miami-Dade Water and Sewer Department (WASD), retail. Water rate schedule (Rates, Fees and Charges (WASD)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
30. Metro Water Services (Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County). Water rate schedule (Water, Sewer and Stormwater Rates (Metro Water Services)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
31. Sewerage and Water Board of New Orleans (SWBNO). Water rate schedule (Rates, Fees & Charges (SWBNO)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
32. City of Oklahoma City Utilities Department. Water rate schedule (Utilities Rates & Fees | City of OKC). Accessed 2026-10-04.
33. Orlando Utilities Commission (OUC). Water rate schedule (OUC Service Rates & Costs). Accessed 2026-10-04.
34. City of Phoenix Water Services Department. Water rate schedule (Water and Sewer Rates | City of Phoenix). Accessed 2026-10-04.
35. City of Raleigh, Raleigh Water (Public Utilities). Water rate schedule (Public Utilities Rates, Effective July 1, 2026). Accessed 2026-10-04.
36. Riverside Public Utilities (City of Riverside). Water rate schedule (Schedule WA-1A Single-Family Residential Metered Service). Accessed 2026-10-04.
37. City of Sacramento Department of Utilities. Water rate schedule (Exhibit A Water Service Fees and Charges (rates effective July 1, 2016 to July 1, 2019)). Accessed 2026-10-07.
38. Salt Lake City Department of Public Utilities. Water rate schedule (FY27 Rates | Public Utilities). Accessed 2026-10-04.
39. San Antonio Water System (SAWS). Water rate schedule (Residential Water & Sewer Rates - SAWS). Accessed 2026-10-04.
40. City of San Diego Public Utilities Department. Water rate schedule (Water Billing Rates (City of San Diego)). Accessed 2026-10-04.
41. City of Tampa Water Department (City of Tampa Utilities billing). Water rate schedule (Residential Water and Wastewater Rate Schedule, Effective October 1, 2026). Accessed 2026-10-04.
42. Tucson Water (City of Tucson). Water rate schedule (Residential Water Bill | City of Tucson). Accessed 2026-10-04.